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The tradition and style in the design of Persian Gardens, known as Iranian gardens in Iran (Persian باغ ایرانی ''Bāgh-e Irāni'')or ''Bāgh-Sarai'') has influenced the design of gardens from Andalusia to India and beyond. The gardens of the Alhambra show the influence of Persian Garden philosophy and style in a Moorish Palace scale, from the era of Al-Andalus in Spain. The Humayun's Tomb and Taj Mahal is one of the largest Persian Garden interpretations in the world, from the era of the Mughal Empire in India. ==Concept and etymology== From the time of the Achaemenid Dynasty the idea of an earthly paradise spread through Persian literature and example to other cultures, both the Hellenistic gardens of the Seleucids and the Ptolemies in Alexandria. The Avestan word ''pairidaēza-'', Old Persian *''paridaida-'',〔Although the genuine Old Persian form must have been *''paridaida-'', Modern Persian ''palīz'' 'garden' from Middle Persian ''palēz'' presupposes a variant *''pardaiza-'' (with syncope of ''-i-''), which seems to be the cognate of *''paridaida-'' from a different Iranian language (Avestan, Median or Parthian) borrowed into Persian still in an early period.〕 Median *''paridaiza-'' (walled-around, i.e., a walled garden), was borrowed into , then rendered into the Latin ''paradīsus'', and from there entered into European languages, e.g., French ''paradis'', German ''Paradies'', and English ''paradise''. The word entered Semitic languages as well: Akkadian ''pardesu'', Hebrew ''pardes'', and Arabic ''firdaws''.〔Fakour M., ''Achaemenid Gardens'' (); CAIS-Online - accessed Jan 15, 2007〕 As the word expresses, such gardens would have been enclosed. The garden's purpose was, and is, to provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of manners: spiritual, and leisurely (such as meetings with friends), essentially a ''paradise on earth''. The Common Iranian word for "enclosed space" was *''pari-daiza-'' (Avestan ''pairi-daēza-''), a term that was adopted by Christianity to describe the garden of Eden or Paradise on earth.〔Persians: Masters of Empire, p 62, ISBN 0-8094-9104-4〕 The garden's construction may be formal (with an emphasis on structure) or casual (with an emphasis on nature), following several simple design rules. This allows a maximization, in terms of function and emotion, of what may be done in the garden. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Persian gardens」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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